{"id":51612,"date":"2026-03-13T15:30:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-13T20:30:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/?p=51612"},"modified":"2026-03-15T10:27:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T15:27:20","slug":"the-air-we-share","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/the-air-we-share\/","title":{"rendered":"The Air We Share"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"gb-text drop-cap\">Did you remember to breathe today?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">There is no choice in breathing, so it goes without saying that the quality of our air must be pure, healthy, and free to all. However, due to the nature of air, there is no controlling it on an individual level. We can\u2019t choose to breathe in \u201cgood\u201d air and go without the \u201cbad\u201d air. It\u2019s all just <em>air<\/em>. And it\u2019s a commodity that\u2019s controlled through sweeping legislation, global alliances, and collective impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Think back to the past few years. How many days or weeks in a row did you receive an air quality alert on your phone? Did you take heed and limit your time outdoors during poor air quality events? Maybe you <em>had<\/em> to be outside so you wore a mask to mitigate some of the long-term health risks. Or maybe you didn\u2019t care at all and threw caution to the wind. <em>It\u2019s just a little hazy out\u2026 so what?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">In the United States of America, we are fortunate enough to benefit from the Clean Air Act for the past 55 years. \u201cIn many ways, air pollution in the United States is a good news story,\u201d says Tracey Holloway, Nelson Institute professor and leader of the Holloway Group. \u201cWe have the rules in place, the sources are getting cleaner, and people are getting healthier.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"gb-element-608a93a1 commons-quote quote-left\" role=\"complementary\">\n<div class=\"gb-element-74f3fc0d\">\n<span class=\"gb-shape gb-shape-23027c9c\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 96.58 80.22\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" data-name=\"Layer 2\"><path data-name=\"Layer 1\" fill=\"#407c7f\" d=\"M2.2 74.25c14.47-8.81 26.43-21.08 26.43-35.24 0-4.4-1.57-8.18-5.35-9.75l-10.7 9.75C7.55 36.18 0 30.2 0 19.19 0 9.12 7.55 0 19.82 0 34.29 0 43.1 11.64 43.1 27.06c0 23.6-17.3 40.9-37.12 53.17l-3.77-5.98Zm53.49 0c14.47-8.81 26.43-21.08 26.43-35.24 0-4.4-1.57-8.18-5.35-9.75l-10.7 9.75c-5.03-2.83-12.58-8.81-12.58-19.82C53.49 9.12 61.04 0 73.31 0c14.47 0 23.28 11.64 23.28 27.06 0 23.6-17.3 40.9-37.12 53.17z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-d5ab2175\">&#8220;A fire in your wood stove burns pretty clean. You get a dry piece of wood that\u2019s turning into mostly just carbon dioxide and water. Forest fires do not work that way. You\u2019re breathing in chemicals that are the result of incomplete combustion. It\u2019s even worse when [the wildfires] go over man-made structures.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-682f9594\">\u2013 Stuart Illson<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Since 1970, man-made air pollution \u2014 think car exhaust, factory emissions, construction dust \u2014 have all been effectively regulated to contain fewer harmful particulates. Under the Clean Air Act, there are two categories of air pollutants: criteria air pollutants and hazardous air pollutants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Criteria air pollutants are common and widespread, but there\u2019s only six of them: carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO\u2082), ozone (O\u2083), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide (SO\u2082). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each pollutant based on evolving public health and environment data. These standards are then placed in the hands of each state to enforce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Hazardous air pollutants are known or suspected to cause serious health effects like cancer or birth defects. Basically, \u201cthere is no threshold of exposure that\u2019s considered safe,\u201d says Holloway. The official list has over 180 pollutants, including benzene, asbestos, mercury, and formaldehyde. These pollutants are less common and required to be limited at the source using the best technology available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<div class=\"gb-element-4e2c3d3d wide-full\">\n<figure>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1921\" height=\"901\" class=\"gb-media-9e5f4171\" alt=\"Caption. Photo by iStock \/ Ded Mityay\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900.webp\" title=\"Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900.webp 1921w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900-600x281.webp 600w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900-1200x563.webp 1200w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900-768x360.webp 768w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1920x900-1536x720.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text\">Our warming climate has led to an increase in wildfires, which has brought wildfire smoke events to areas that typically don\u2019t experience them, like Chicago and New York. Photo by iStock \/ Ded Mityay<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">So, why does it seem like we\u2019re experiencing more and more poor air quality alerts each year? Is the Clean Air Act not working?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">The answer (in part): wildfires. \u201cUsually people talk about a problem when they can feel that it is a problem,\u201d says Holloway. \u201cLike wildfires.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Climate change has led to a pattern of warmer temperatures, drier conditions, and more frequent droughts \u2014 especially in boreal and temperate conifer biomes. It\u2019s one of the reasons behind what seems to be an increase in Canadian wildfires. And once all that smoke is in the air, it lands down in the northern United States, leading to weeks of unhealthy air quality alerts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-56227fd0\">\n<figure>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"551\" class=\"gb-media-68ebd40f\" alt=\"Air quality index chart that shows the 6 categories of air quality from good to hazardous displayed in numerical range and color coding.\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-AQI_400x550-1.webp\" title=\"Deep-Dive-AQI_400x550-1\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text\">The U.S. Air Quality Index (AQI) is a tool designed by the EPA to communicate outdoor air quality and health, including six color-coded categories that display the range in index values.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">\u201cIf you look over the last 30 years, we\u2019re seeing larger-scale air quality events \u2014 like Canadian wildfire smoke intruding into highly populated areas where it doesn\u2019t typically reach, like New York City, Chicago, and the Midwest,\u201d says Stuart Illson, research scientist and geospatial data engineer at the University of Washington (also an alum of the Nelson Institute\u2019s environmental observation and informatics program). \u201cWe\u2019re seeing these events unfold and trying to understand what risks they pose.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">You may be thinking: <em>It\u2019s just a bit of smoke? How bad can it be?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Wildfire smoke isn\u2019t your typical campfire or wood stove smoke. \u201cA fire in your wood stove burns relatively efficiently, combusting dried wood down to ash and releasing mostly carbon dioxide and water vapor,\u201d explains Illson. \u201cForest fires don\u2019t work that way. Trees are often left standing and charred rather than fully consumed. That incomplete combustion produces smoke with a far more complex and hazardous chemical makeup. It\u2019s considerably worse when [the wildfires] burn through man-made structures, adding a whole suite of toxic compounds to the mix.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">So, what happens when you breathe in that smoke? Is it a death sentence?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">No, not right away. People aren\u2019t choking on the smoke in the air, but the health effects go much deeper the more you\u2019re exposed. The particulate matter that you breathe in is finer than human hair, and once it\u2019s in your lungs, it gets trapped in your bloodstream for days on end, leading to increased inflammation markers. Often, it just means an increased chance of a headache, runny nose, or scratchy throat. \u201cYou feel kind of cruddy,\u201d says Illson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">However, that\u2019s if you\u2019re a relatively healthy person. People with \u200b\u200bpreexisting cardiovascular and respiratory conditions are the most at risk. On the more serious side, these poor air quality events often lead to increased strokes, heart attacks, emergency room visits, and early cognitive decline. And that\u2019s just what we know right now. The full picture is still being put together through long-term studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">So, what can we do about it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Forest management practices are adapting to meet the increased frequency of wildfires, but once a fire starts, it\u2019s hard to get it to stop. Short of volunteering as a frontline firefighter, there\u2019s not much you can do on an individual level to directly stop a burning forest. What we <em>can<\/em> do is protect ourselves from the harmful effects of poor air quality events by 1) limiting our time spent outdoors during unhealthy air quality periods and 2) wearing a proper-fitting, particulate-filtering mask if you have to be outside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video autoplay controls loop muted src=\"https:\/\/nelson-public-files.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/commons\/namblackcarbon_geos5_20250803-compressed.mp4\" playsinline><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fires burning in boreal forests created hazy skies across North America in summer 2025. Video courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory video by Lauren Dauphin, using GEOS-5 data from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office at NASA GSFC.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">For Annelies Quinton, a current environmental observation and informatics (EOI) student and cross country athlete, air quality has affected her outdoor workouts across the country \u2014 from growing up in Portland, OR, to attending and running for Harvard University, to now earning her master\u2019s in the Midwest. \u201cIt&#8217;s hard to not live in a place that&#8217;s impacted by wildfires and not being able to go outside,\u201d says Quinton. \u201cBut there&#8217;s also that gray area of when can you and can you not?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">By making small concessions \u2014 like choosing to go on a run inside rather than outside or keeping a spare N95 mask handy \u2014 during poor air quality events, we can protect ourselves from the harmful pollutants in the air. Illson agrees, adding that reliable smoke forecasts could play a big role in shaping how people plan their lives. \u201cEnsemble weather forecasts give you a probability \u2014 a percent chance of rain, a percent chance of severe conditions. We don\u2019t yet have that same kind of reliable and communicable forecasting for air quality. If we could develop machine learning approaches to get there, that would be tremendously valuable in helping people plan their lives during smoke events.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">&#8220;Programs like the Interagency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program already work toward this goal, deploying expert Air Quality Resource Advisors (ARAs) who release smoke outlooks to help communities make informed decisions during fire events. But ARAs can&#8217;t be everywhere at once, and that&#8217;s precisely where better forecasting tools could make a difference,\u201d Illson explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">While putting artificial intelligence to work on forecasting air quality events seems like a good idea, there are some roadblocks that make it a little tricky. \u201cYou have a lot of hurdles applying machine learning to wildfire. Physical processes and other phenomena occur at a fine scale that you can\u2019t observe or control, making it hard to predict,\u201d says Illson. \u201cWhere the smoke ends up in the atmosphere is dependent on a host of factors that are really hard to quantify.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<div class=\"gb-element-50b184c3 wide-1200\">\n<figure>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1201\" height=\"801\" class=\"gb-media-c52c5092\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1200x800.webp\" title=\"Deep-Dive-Air_1200x800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1200x800.webp 1201w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1200x800-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_1200x800-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1201px) 100vw, 1201px\" \/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text\">Images overlayed taken from the top of the AOSS building showing clean air on May 27, 2023 with very poor air June 27, 2023. Images courtesy of Tim Wagner, CIMSS<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Luckily, Illson, Holloway, Quinton, and many other air quality researchers are up for the challenge. In fact, Holloway\u2019s PhD focused on using computer models to track how much one country contributed to a different country\u2019s air quality back in the late 1990s. \u201cWe can measure chemicals that are in the air, but they don\u2019t come with an import or export label. So, we have to use pretty advanced tools to trace back where air pollution came from and what its likely sources were,\u201d says Holloway. Since then, Holloway has led quite an accomplished career \u2014 which includes serving as two-time leader of the NASA Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences Team (HAQAST).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Operating for over a decade, HAQAST (pronounced hay-kast) is the link between air quality science and policy. Holloway and other HAQAST members work together to translate NASA satellite data into actionable, science-backed policies that affect our health and air quality management solutions. \u201cThis idea that we can track chemicals from outer space seemed like science fiction back when I started in 2003. But now the instruments and analysis of methods have gotten better, and there\u2019s this big opportunity to think about how we can connect space-based data with on-the-ground information needs,\u201d says Holloway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<div class=\"gb-element-cf0a58bf\">\n<div>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"401\" class=\"gb-media-b93235bd\" alt=\"A Ball Aerospace technician inspects the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument.\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_450x400-1.webp\" title=\"Deep-Dive-Air_450x400-1\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"401\" class=\"gb-media-19242465\" alt=\"Diffraction grating within the TEMPO instrument separates the light into different wavelengths to discern the unique patterns of the various pollutants.\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/Deep-Dive-Air_450x400-2.webp\" title=\"Deep-Dive-Air_450x400-2\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-80584cf1\">Left\/top: A technician inspects the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument. Ball Aerospace built TEMPO, a geostationary ultraviolet\/visible spectrometer, which will provide daylight measurements of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde and aerosols. Right\/above: Diffraction grating within the TEMPO instrument separates the light into different wavelengths to discern the unique patterns of the various pollutants. Photos courtesy of Ball Aerospace, NASA and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory<\/figcaption>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">To effectively monitor air quality, Holloway uses satellites and ground-monitors to \u201csee\u201d what\u2019s in the air. The way satellites detect what\u2019s in the air is based on the wavelengths of radiation that are absorbed or reflected by particles and gasses in the air. There are some compounds that satellites can see really well, like NO2. But other compounds \u2026 well, not so much. For example, ozone at the surface is a huge problem for public health, but satellites can\u2019t pick up on it due to a thick natural stratospheric ozone layer that makes it tough to discern the levels of ozone on the ground. Imagine you\u2019re looking down at a pond \u2014 you could probably count the number of fish, but you probably couldn\u2019t estimate their depth. It\u2019s the same with satellites. They can\u2019t estimate the depth of the fish \u2014 er, ozone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">That\u2019s why it\u2019s important to have a variety of tools available to detect and track changes in air quality. Right now, the United States is the best monitored country in the world, however, only a quarter of its counties have a single ground monitor. \u201cIt\u2019s just not realistic to be capturing all that variability only with ground-based monitors. That would be incredibly expensive,\u201d says Holloway. \u201cSo, to me, the role of satellite data is not to replace the ground-based monitors, but to provide a complementary data source.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">As technology continues to improve, so too must our policies and regulations. \u201cWhen the Clean Air Act was written in 1970, nobody was thinking about satellite data,\u201d says Holloway. \u201cAnd what is considered a safe level has gotten stricter and stricter over time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">The most recent example of this was in 2024 when the level of PM2.5 (one of the criteria air pollutants) was lowered from 12 micrograms per meter cubed to nine micrograms per meter cubed as an annual safe level. \u201cThis is very similar to a teacher setting a grading curve,\u201d explains Holloway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">For Quinton, incorporating data into policy is exactly what drew her to the EOI program, and what she hopes to incorporate into her future career. \u201cI really like how the program teaches us how technology can be used, as well as how to apply what we learn to the real world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">Quinton has an exciting career ahead of her \u2014\u202fno matter where she decides to take her interests. Just take it from Holloway, \u201cI find working in air quality incredibly exciting because it combines weather, chemistry, policy, health, energy systems, land management, and international cooperation. You can look at every cool, interesting topic through the lens of air quality.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"gb-text\">What you\u2019re breathing matters, and there are simple steps you can take to reduce your exposure to harmful particulates during poor air quality events. And while we can\u2019t control every wildfire, we <em>can<\/em> regulate our own emissions. \u201cIt&#8217;s not a perfect story,\u201d says Holloway, \u201cbut it&#8217;s a good news story when it comes to human-caused air pollution.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Human-made pollution is down, wildfire smoke is up, and your lungs are caught in between.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":51681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[53,67],"post_template":[],"class_list":["post-51612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-deep-dive","tag-spring-2026"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Air 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