{"id":49139,"date":"2025-09-15T03:35:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T08:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/?p=49139"},"modified":"2025-11-04T05:59:22","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T11:59:22","slug":"unearthed-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-springs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/unearthed-five-things-you-didnt-know-about-springs\/","title":{"rendered":"Unearthed: Five Things You Didn&#8217;t Know about Springs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"drop-cap\">Our most critical resource is one you can\u2019t see. It\u2019s beneath your feet, <em>way <\/em>beneath, supporting life in uncountable ways. This is the groundwater network, and Wisconsin\u2019s is just as energetic as its citizens above ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-9ed85d49 breakout-box\">\n<p>Congratulations to Sue Swanson, a 2025 recipient of the Nelson Institute\u2019s Distinguished Alumni Award! How did a farm-based childhood and Peace Corps experience draw her to a master\u2019s degree in water resources management? <a href=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/sue-swanson-what-lies-beneath\/\">Learn more about Swanson\u2019s career<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Sue Swanson, Wisconsin\u2019s state geologist and the director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/home.wgnhs.wisc.edu\/\">Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey<\/a>, has spent her career digging into what\u2019s happening beneath the surface. \u201cThat&#8217;s a problem with hydrogeology,\u201d she says. \u201cMuch of what we study \u2026 we can&#8217;t see it.\u201d Where we can see it, or where we at least get glimpses of it, is in the places where it naturally flows to the surface: springs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Swanson knows a thing or two about springs, too, having led the effort to catalog springs across the state of Wisconsin. To save you the time (and the mileage), here are five things you didn\u2019t know about Wisconsin\u2019s springs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-c7de8de6\">\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-2cc4711b\">1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-06e21a0e\">\n<p>Yes, we do know the location of <a href=\"https:\/\/uwex.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/MapSeries\/index.html?appid=5f3157d4ba6049edb4964568f6ab1ff9\">Wisconsin&#8217;s large springs<\/a>! Following the adoption of Wisconsin Act 310, which required approval for high-capacity wells (more than 100,000 gallons of water per day), Swanson and a team traversed the state to find large springs, categorize them, and collect data. It took three years, and they described 415 in total. The Department of Natural Resources continues to monitor these sites on a rotating basis (every 5\u201310 years).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"gb-element-19f551ea\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"gb-media-ca995d89\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/springs-green-lake.webp\" title=\"springs-green-lake\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-5ccd8949\">Fractured spring in Green Lake County discharges groundwater from joints or fractures in bedrock. Photos courtesy of the WGNHS (5)<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-ad0c48ee\">\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-97c561c2\">2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-e3cfd3f4\">\n<p>About 80 percent of Wisconsin\u2019s 72 counties have large springs. That\u2019s all except Barron, Brown, Clark, Florence, Jackson, Kenosha, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Menominee, Milwaukee, Outagamie, Price, Taylor, and Wood.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"gb-element-2e3d8cc4\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"gb-media-6b807e75\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/springs-bayfield.webp\" title=\"springs-bayfield\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-3e9d9855\">Bayfield County spring, western channel, looking upstream.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-b212618f\">\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-f60c82a7\">3<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-305be0ea\">\n<p>Richland County in southwestern Wisconsin has both the highest number of springs (38) and the highest density of springs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"gb-element-ce496ed6\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"gb-media-5cb64981\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/springs-marathon.webp\" title=\"springs-marathon\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-883edd3a\">Looking downstream at spring pool located in Marathon County.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-a13e5f13\">\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-9ab6d001\">4<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-32feba1d\">\n<p>Three categories of springs occur in Wisconsin: rheocrene springs, which create defined channels; hillslope springs, which come from 30-degree\u2013plus slopes; and limnocrene springs, which flow into lakes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"gb-element-f8258f07\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"gb-media-c2dfb417\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/springs-door.webp\" title=\"springs-door\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-91a9a95a\">Looking upstream at the main orifice of a spring located in Door County.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-255c94d3\">\n<p class=\"gb-text gb-text-ce333499\">5<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-element-3ed4213c\">\n<p>Trout aren\u2019t the only ones who love streams. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.org\/en-us\/about-us\/where-we-work\/united-states\/wisconsin\/stories-in-wisconsin\/protecting-hines-emerald-dragonfly\">Hine\u2019s emerald dragonfly<\/a> (<em>Somatochlora hineana<\/em>), believed to be extinct until the late 1980s and now listed as endangered, has been found in springs and groundwater fed streams and wetlands in Grant, Richland, Iowa, Ozaukee, and Door Counties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"gb-element-13611552\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"gb-media-c6e968ab\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/nelson.wisc.edu\/the-commons\/wp-content\/uploads\/springs-waukesha.webp\" title=\"springs-waukesha\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figcaption class=\"gb-text gb-text-e5045251\">Looking downstream toward confluence of south and east spring areas in Waukesha County.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Our most critical resource is one you can\u2019t see. It\u2019s beneath your feet, way beneath, supporting life in uncountable ways.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":50141,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[34,43],"tags":[35,38],"post_template":[],"class_list":["post-49139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water","category-wisconsin","tag-fall-2025","tag-unearthed"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Unearthed: Five Things You Didn&#039;t Know about Springs | The Commons Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our most critical resource is one you can\u2019t see. 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